By focusing on questions related to gender, this special issue of Islamology seeks to demonstrate the potential of a gender-based approach within Islamic studies. The selected case studies shed light on a variety of social, economic, and political aspects that are inherently linked to ideas about gender norms and deviations: Muslim debates about the political role of women (Tineke Melkebeek), heteronormative sexual ethics (Pernilla Myrne), and the negotiation of gender identities beyond man/woman categories in traditional Muslim societies (Sara Kuehn), in addition to questions of halal fertility services (Maria Vyatchina). The papers are complemented by a book review that, through an analysis of a recently published monograph on homosexuality in Islam, offers an introduction to the current academic debates on the topic (Laurance Janssen Lok).