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“KADETS IN TURBAN AND SKULLCAP”: MUSLIMS IN THE FIELD OF PUBLIC POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN 1905-1907
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Abstract
The study of Muslim political activism in 1905—1907 in Russia has been fruitful topic of research in the last 30 years. However, the scholars are generally focused on intra-Muslim dynamics or Duma activities of Muslims. The present study attempts to contextualize this process in a broad imperial context through discourse analysis of relevant materials.
There was not a homogeneous system of governing an estate-based, multi-confessional population of late-imperial Russia. Given this system, the field of public politics in the scope of the First Russian revolution (1905—1907) revealed the existence of at least two related but heterogeneous tendencies, which included the struggle for socio-political and national rights. The representatives of the national movements, such as Ittifaq, were seeking to combine these tendencies in their programs. On the national question, Ittifaq’s program reflected the existing system of governance, advocating the preservation but substantial expansion of the partied autonomy that Muslims had edready enjoyed in the previous period. What was new in their demands was the desire to broaden the conditions of social mobdity for wider range of Muslims by granting them the access to power of governing the Muslim population. In turn, the struggle between the «new» and «old» Muslim elites implied the elimination of estates restrictions. These demands were out of the national field but of socio-political one. Thus, there was a common interest between nationed groups and all-Russian political parties (in particular, the Kadets), which struggled to restructure the imperial political system from an estate-based to a civd society and needed the broadest possible body of electors, including nationed minorities. However, «Coup of June 1907» questioned the political union of the Kadets with the Muslims, significantly reducing the representation of both groups in the 3rd — 4th State Dumas by introducing a new electoral law.
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